Maria Teresa Vernet Real (Barcelona, 1907 - 1974) fou una novel·lista, poeta i traductora anterior a la guerra civil espanyola.
Estudià música, literatura i filosofia, conreà la novel·la psicològica i va guanyar el Premi Joan Crexells de narrativa amb la novel·la Les algues roges. L'obra de Maria Teresa Vernet és una peça clau per entendre el canvi que es produí en la figura de la dona a l'època de la República que fou l'autora,segons Anna Murià "la més sobresortint personalitat literària femenina de la preguerra". Vernet utilitza la literatura per mostrar nous referents vitals a les dones de l'època, podem descriure la seva personalitat com a bàsicament feminista.
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Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English novelist, essayist, diarist, epistler, publisher, feminist, and writer of short stories, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.
During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929), with its famous dictum, "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."
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Muriel Rukeyser
Muriel Rukeyser
Muriel Rukeyser (15 December 1913 – 12 February 1980) was an American poet and political activist, best known for her poems about equality, feminism, social justice, and Judaism. Kenneth Rexroth said that she was the greatest poet of her "exact generation".
One of her most powerful pieces was a group of poems entitled The Book of the Dead (1938), documenting the details of the Hawk's Nest incident, an industrial disaster in which hundreds of miners died of silicosis.
Her poem "To be a Jew in the Twentieth Century" (1944), on the theme of
Judaism as a gift, was adopted by the American
Reform and
Reconstructionist movements for their
prayer books, something Rukeyser said "astonished" her, as she had remained distant from Judaism throughout her early life.
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Hélène Cixous (
French pronunciation: [elɛn siksu]; born June 5, 1937) is a
professor,
French feminist writer,
poet,
playwright,
philosopher,
literary critic and
rhetorician. In 2009, she was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Literature by
University College, London.
Hélène Cixous was born in Oran, Algeria, to a German Ashkenazi Jewish mother and Algerian Sephardic Jewish father. She earned her agrégation in English in 1959 and her Doctorat ès lettres in 1968. Her main focus, at this time, was English literature and the works of James Joyce. In 1968, she published L'Exil de James Joyce ou l'Art du remplacement (The Exile of James Joyce, or the Art of Displacement) and the following year she published her first novel, Dedans (Inside), a semi-autobiographical work that won the Prix Médicis. She is a professor at the University of Paris VIII, whose center for women's studies, the first in Europe, she founded. She has published widely, including twenty-three volumes of poems, six books of essays, five plays, and numerous influential articles. She published Voiles (Veils) with Jacques Derrida and her work is often considered deconstructive. In introducing her Wellek Lecture, subsequently published as Three Steps on the Ladder of Writing, Derrida referred to her as the greatest living writer in his language (French). Cixous wrote a book on Derrida titled Portrait de Jacques Derrida en jeune saint juif (Portrait of Jacques Derrida as a Young Jewish Saint). In addition to Derrida and Joyce, she has written monographs on the work of the Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector, on Maurice Blanchot, Franz Kafka, Heinrich von Kleist, Michel de Montaigne, Ingeborg Bachmann, Thomas Bernhard, and the Russian poet Marina Tsvetaeva.
Along with
Luce Irigaray and
Julia Kristeva, Cixous is considered one of the mothers of
poststructuralist feminist theory.
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Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born February 24, 1942) is an
Indian literary critic and
theorist. She is best known for the article "Can the
Subaltern Speak?", considered a founding text of
postcolonialism, and for her translation of
Jacques Derrida's Of Grammatology. Spivak teaches at
Columbia University, where she was tenured as
University Professor—Columbia's highest rank—in March 2007. A prolific scholar, she travels widely and gives lectures around the world. She is also a visiting faculty member at the
Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta.
It was her subsequent translation of Derrida's Of Grammatology that brought her to prominence. She included a translator's introduction which has since been described as "setting a new standard for self-reflexivity in prefaces." After this, she carried out a series of historical studies (as a member of the "Subaltern Studies Collective") and literary critiques of imperialism and international feminism. She has often referred to herself as a "Practical Marxist-feminist-deconstructionist,". Her overriding ethico-political concern has been the tendency of institutional and cultural discourses/practices to exclude and marginalize the subaltern, especially subaltern women. Edward Said has noted that "She pioneered the study in literary theory of non-Western women and produced one of the earliest and most coherent accounts of that role available to us."[1]
Her recent work, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, published in 1999, explores how major works of European metaphysics (e.g., Kant, Hegel) not only tend to exclude the subaltern from their discussions, but actively prevent non-Europeans from occupying positions as fully human subjects.
Spivak coined the term "strategic essentialism," which refers to a sort of temporary solidarity for the purpose of social action. For example, the attitude that women's groups have many different agendas makes it difficult for feminists to work for common causes. "Strategic essentialism" is about the need to accept temporarily an "essentialist" position in order to be able to act.
- ^ Dinitia Smith, "Creating a Stir Wherever She Goes," New York Times (9 February 2002) B7.
